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Indium ingot grades are distinguished by their purity, which is measured in parts per million (ppm) impurities or by a numerical grade like 4N (99.99%) or 6N (99.9999%)

. Higher grades like 5N (99.999%) and 6N5 (99.99995%) have significantly lower total impurities and are critical for applications in high-purity semiconductors, while standard grades like 3N or 4N are more cost-effective and widely used for applications such as transparent conductive coatings in displays. The choice of grade depends on the specific application's requirements for purity, performance, and cost.

Feature	3N (99.9%)	4N (99.99%)	4N5 (99.995%)	5N (99.999%)	6N (99.9999%)
Purity	99.9%	99.99%	99.995%	99.999%	99.9999%
Total Impurities	< 1000 ppm	< 100 ppm	< 50 ppm	< 10 ppm	< 1 ppm
Example Applications	Less common, lower-tier industrial	Transparent conductive coatings (ITO) for displays, solar cells	General industrial and electronics	Higher-purity semiconductors, specialized electronics	Specialized, high-purity electronic applications
Appearance	Less bright, may lose some shine	Bright but potentially less consistent	Consistently bright	Very bright and shiny	Extremely bright and shiny
Cost	Lower	Moderate	High	Very high	Extremely high

Purity and Impurities: The primary differentiator is the percentage of indium versus impurities. For example, a 4N grade has a maximum of 100 ppm total impurities, while a 5N grade is limited to 10 ppm.
Application: Higher purity grades are essential for applications requiring high performance and reliability, such as semiconductors (Indium Gallium Arsenide - InGaAs, Indium Phosphide - InP) and high-efficiency photovoltaic cells. Standard grades are sufficient for many consumer electronics applications, like Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) in displays and touchscreens.
Cost: Higher purity indium is significantly more expensive due to the additional refining steps required to remove more trace elements.

Physical Properties: Higher purity grades exhibit a more consistently bright and shiny appearance, as even small amounts of certain impurities can affect the visual quality of the metal.

Form Factor: Lower purity grades like 3N and 4N can be fabricated into various shapes like wire and shot. Very high purity grades like 6N and 6N5 are typically available only in ingot form.

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B1002 Standard Specification for Refined Indium - ASTM
Feb 21, 2025 — This specification covers requirements for refined indium as ingot in six grades, namely: Grade 99.9 or 3N grade (indi...
ASTM International

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Scholarly articles for Comparative analysis of indium ingot grades
… of grade 6 N high-purity indium metal for compound … - ‎Lee - Cited by 8 Indium - ‎Schwarz‐Schampera - Cited by 359 Study of mechanical properties of indium-based solder … - ‎Deshpande - Cited by 12

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